The term, bushido, came into common international usage with the 1899 publication of Nitobe Inazō's Bushido: The Soul of Japan which was read by many influential western people. The Kashoki shows that moral values were present in bushido by 1642. It was very popular, demonstrating that the idea of bushido had spread among the population. It was written with accessible kana and intended for commoners, not warriors. In 1642, the Kashoki ( 可笑記, "Amusing Notes") was written by samurai Saito Chikamori and included moral precepts which explained the theoretical aspects of bushido. In 1685, the ukiyo-e book Kokon Bushidō ezukushi ( 古今武士道絵つくし, "Images of Bushidō Through the Ages") by artist Hishikawa Moronobu included the term and artwork of samurai with simple descriptions meant for children. The earliest use of the written term is in the Kōyō Gunkan in 1616 by Kōsaka Masanobu. Bushido has undergone many changes throughout Japanese history, and various Japanese clans interpreted it in their own way. There is no strict definition, and interpretations of the code have varied over time. It was developed further during the Muromachi period (1336–1573) and formally defined and applied in law by Tokugawa shogunates in the Edo period. This ethical code took shape with the rise of the warrior caste to power at the end of the Heian period (794–1185) and the establishment of the first shogunate of the Kamakura period (1185–1333). Bushido developed between the 16th and 20th centuries, debated by pundits who believed they were building on a legacy dating back to the 10th century, although the term bushido itself is "rarely attested in pre-modern literature". Born from Neo-Confucianism during times of peace in the Edo period (1603–1868) and following Confucian texts, while also being influenced by Shinto and Zen Buddhism, it allowed the violent existence of the samurai to be tempered by wisdom, patience and serenity. 9 Major figures associated with Bushidōīushido formalized earlier samurai moral values and ethical code, most commonly stressing a combination of sincerity, frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until death.
6.4.1 Eight virtues of Bushidō (as defined by Nitobe Inazō).
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